The diterpene Geranylgeraniol, a precursor to geranylgeranylpyrophosphate, is an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway. This compound has been shown to prevent bone re-absorption, inhibition of osteoclast formation, and kinase activation in vitro. It has a role in the regulation of several cellular processes and in the control of inflammatory response to enzymatic regulation and response to oxidative stress.
The capacity of the isoprenoid, geranylgeraniol, to reverse inflammatory conditions appears to be highly relevant. Geranylgeraniol has the ability to restore the physiological cellular homeostasis, influencing the main factors of the mitochondrial damage (such as the components of the Bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bak). Geranylgeraniol downregulates the level of HMG CoA reductase and suppresses the growth of human liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, colon, stomach, and blood tumors.
Geranylgeraniol has been documented to counteract the effects of fluvastatin by inhibiting activation of caspase-1 and production of IL-1. It has been found to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells and also utilized for protein isoprenylation.
In cigarrette filter-based assays that measures certain chemicals to quantify the exposure to carcinogens and toxicants, geranylgeraniol is used as a surrogate Internal Standard (IS) or a positive control for the chemical Solanesol.
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